Marketing Is Not Just A Marketing Endeavor - 2234 Words

Without marketing, a business no matter how genius and innovative, the concept will fade away amongst the sea of other failed businesses. Public perception is not just a marketing endeavor; the larger a business gets the greater need for a department to help assist with the public perceptions of the company( Ogden Ogden, 2014). Marketing is not as easy as making up media advertisements; it is methodical process in which every step is crucial to the overall long term success of the product ( Ogden Ogden, 2014). Marketing is the basic concept of selling or buying products and services. This is generally some type of exchange of money, services, goods, or ideas. Advertising has vastly changed since the creation of the printing press;†¦show more content†¦The marketing strategy is simply put, the mix of all the efforts is included in the marketing strategy, and it is of course the positioning strategy that the company will use to increase their customer base vs. their competitors. According to Clow Baack (2010), A product s position is based on two elements, the product s standing relative to the competition and how the product is perceived by consumers, (para 1). In order for a company to be successful, there are many pieces of the puzzle to fit together. Just like a puzzle, those pieces have specific places or it does not fit correctly. A successful company (Clow Baack 2010). The consumers will have to understand who their target market is, and segment that market correctly, and the market will find the right methods to provide those messages to their consumers (Clow Baack 2010). An Integrated Marketing Strategy for Tide detergent will be explored. A brand is the sum total of characteristics that a consumer or potential customer attribute to a service or product. Brands can be very important for a company as it is often their primary source of competition advantage and highly valuable assets (KLARA, 2014). A brand helps to strongly influence consumers to purchase by getting consumers to base their purchasing decisions on different factors other than simply price (KLARA, 2014. Consumers will feel a certain way about the ad and even witness the personality of when developing

The Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy - 1451 Words

Philosophy is recognized by the questions being asked, and the methods used to answer them. These questions are usually the ones that are open-ended, abstract, or the ones that lead to controversial answers. Due to the openness in philosophy, the uncertainty, there is not just one viewpoint that is completely accepted by all to be true. This leads to many disputes and conversations that are ultimately driven by the core of philosophy, which is its latin translation, the love of wisdom. Now, the wisdom tradition is a major aspect of philosophy. It works by seeking knowledge in order to understand human life, and how life is best lived. There are many intellectual people who have pondered upon the question of, â€Å"What is the optimal way of living?† This abstract philosophical question, has lead to many answers that are still up to debate. Augustine, a highly respected philosopher and theologian, used his understanding of human life in theology in order to answer this intensel y sought out question. Rather Socrates, also a highly respected philosopher, shifted away from using a theological undertone and foundation, and looked solely to knowledge for and as the answer. Socrates believed that knowing the nature of good leads to the best way of living, while Augustine believed that the root of wrongdoing, is not lack of knowledge but in the weakness of the will. There is a fine distinction between the two philosophers. Socrates’ finds that knowledge is the key to living the optimalShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the attempt at answering or understanding the questions that the being who is philosophizing yearns to know or wishes to understand. 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The United States Illegal Immigration Dilemma Free Essays

The United States throughout its history has been built by the hard work and contributions of immigrants. Immigration has always been a vital part of the development of this nation from Colonial days until now; however, Illegal Immigrations has become an issue that is not just discussed by the politicians in Washington, DC and those Border States that are been affected most by it. The issue of Illegal Immigration over the last decade or so is now an issue that seems to be affecting more aspects of the Nation than most seem to be aware of. We will write a custom essay sample on The United States Illegal Immigration Dilemma or any similar topic only for you Order Now Illegal immigration has the United facing a situation that it has not had to deal with in over two centuries. The issue of illegal immigration is poses several questions that need to be addressed; how did we get ourselves in the predicament that we are in? Was it the Government Policies and Laws that were or are not being enforced? Maybe, the lack of border security or could those employers who hire known illegal immigrants be the cause. Another, topic that needs to be address when considering the dilemma facing the US is; What impact does Illegal Immigration have on the countries overall Economic System? How does this problem affect our Health Care System, our Educational Systems and Employment opportunities for legal Tax-paying citizens? The most important topic of all is; what is a viable solution to the problem of Illegal Immigration? What type of Immigration Reform will work for all parties involved? Will allowing States to come up with their own laws, instead of relying on the Federal Laws be the right answer, or will revising the 14th Amendment, or Amnesty is the solution? Congress’ major intent when creating Immigration Laws and Policies both early in US history and recently was to accomplish the several goals; â€Å"First, to reunite families by admitting immigrants who already have family members living in the United States. Second, seeks to admit workers with specific skills and to fill positions in occupations deemed to be experiencing labor shortages. Third, it attempts to provide a refuge for people who face the risk of political, racial, or religious persecution in their country of origin. Finally, it seeks to ensure diversity by providing admission to people from countries with historically low rates of immigration to the United States† (Congressional Budget Office, 2006 p. 8); however, there are others actions, or lack of action by government agencies that seem to counteract the very intent of the laws and policies created. One example is the lack of funding and enforcement of our countries border security system. Another example is the non-enforcement of laws and policies governing employers who knowing hire illegal immigrants. Statements like the following by then President Bush, sums up the US governments state of mind and the country’s National Interest concerning the Illegal Immigration issue; â€Å"the U. S needs more cheap labor from south of the border to do the jobs Americans aren’t willing to do, there are uncalculated cost involved in the importation of such labor – public support and uninsured medical costs† (Costs of Immigration, 2007, para. 1). Illegal Immigration’s impact on the US economy can be seen in the following areas: Our Health Care System, our Education System and in Employment Opportunities for legal citizens. The net fiscal cost of immigration ranges from $11 billion to $22 billion per year, with most government expenditures on immigrants coming from state and local coffers, while most taxes paid by immigrants go to the federal treasury. The net deficit is caused by a low level of tax payments by immigrants, because they are disproportionately low-skilled and thus earn low wages, and a higher rate of consumption of government services, both because of their relative poverty and their higher fertility. This is especially true of illegal immigration. Even though illegal aliens make little use of welfare, from which they are generally barred, the costs of illegal immigration in terms of government expenditures for education, criminal justice, and emergency medical care are significant. California has estimated that the net cost to the state of providing government services to illegal immigrants approached $3 billion during a single fiscal year. The fact that states must bear the cost of federal failure turns illegal immigration, in effect, into one of the largest unfunded federal mandates. Yet we still have those who believe that illegal immigrants do not have an adverse effect on the economy (â€Å"Center for Immigration Studies†, 2006, para. 1). The Health Care system here in the US has probably seen the biggest impact of illegal immigration when looking at the overall picture and considering the dilemma as a whole. An example of these effects in Texas is the statement made by â€Å"Rick Alleyer, director of research for the Health and Human Services Commission, said illegal immigrant health care – mostly emergency hospital care – cost the state over $100 million last year† (Illegal Immigrant Care, 2010, para. 5). Throughout the country in states like Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California hospitals have had to either closing their doors completely or file bankruptcy because of federally mandated programs requiring free emergency room services to all illegal immigrants. The effects of illegal immigration on the US educational systems may not be as profound as they are for the health care system, the impact is noticeable enough for educators, politicians and state governments to consider when they receive yearly reports of how poorly their schools are performing, the increase in student population, and how the cost of education continues to increase. According to Edwin Rubenstein, â€Å"Immigrant children are poorer than native-born children, and their numbers have increased far faster. At least 19 percent of all K-12 enrollments are the result of immigration. In excess of 9. 2 million are immigrants or the children of immigrants. Because of their lack of language abilities, they take 25 percent of funding. Out of $499. 1 billion in the 2008 school year, $125 billion was spent on foreign born children† (Illegal Alien Education Impact, 2008, par. 7). Notice this was just considering secondary schools in the state of California. There are numerous states and schools that are rewarding illegal immigrants for enrolling in the schools, yet they are denying the same subsidies to lawful students or legal immigrants. The ever increasing number of illegal immigrants flowing into the US every month plays a dramatic role in displacing American workers, over the past five years it is estimated that 1 million legal citizens have been replaced by immigrants allow to come this country on work visas. Another area for concern pertaining to illegal immigration and its effect on employment opportunities is, the trend among illegal immigrants changing from the traditional few industrial area and parts of the country, integrating themselves into all sectors of the economy throughout the nation. The concern here is the increasing widespread demand for their labor. Having discussed some of the areas that our country are faced with, and most do something about, we now will look at some possible solutions on how to deal with this dilemma. Realizing that Immigration Reform is must do, what areas need to be addressed, and what adjustments need to be made is the question at hand. One of the many Immigration Laws and Policies that has been created over the years is the 14th Amendment and the â€Å"anchor baby† concept. This amendment has been in the news and on the mouths of politicians almost as much as Immigration Reform itself. The question that needs to be addressed is will amending this amendment provide enough assistance to drastically decrease the flow of illegal immigrants into the country? If we look at the direct effects that the 14th amendment has on the country some feel very strong about amending this amendment. For example some believe that rescinding the citizenship of anchor babies; â€Å"American hospitals welcome anchor babies†¦Anchor babies are citizens, and instantly qualify for public welfare aid: Between 300,000 and 350,000 anchor babies annually become citizens because of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution: ‘All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. ’† (Illegal aliens threaten U.  S. economic system, 2008, para. 12). The concept of individual states enacting their own laws and initiatives could be the short term solution. Arizona’s AZ SB 1070 law, even though not fully implemented, is one such example of states taking matters into their own hands not waiting on the Federal government to enforce the laws they created. Arizona Senator Russell Pearce (2010) â€Å"characterizes the illegal immigration problem as one of invasion and quotes the Constitution: â€Å"The United States shall guarantee that every State of this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion† (p. ). Arizona is not the only state that has come up with laws to help deal with the illegal immigration population in their states; you have states like Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, and Oklahoma. The state of California has a bill that has begun the signature process, the California Taxpayer Protection Act of 2010, Initiative 09-0010. This bill is for â€Å"real world citizens, â€Å"The people of California have an opportunity to curb the illegal immigration. Many in California may not have seen the grass lately, but we’ve been seeding our roots† (Dvorak, 2009, p. ) The Illegal Immigration Amnesty bill was signed into law by President Reagan in 1986 in an effort to provide amnesty to illegal immigrants that entered the country before 1982. The intent was to be tighter security on the borders and stricter penalties for employers hiring undocumented workers. Needles to say, this law seem to accomplish the exact opposite. There are some who believe that with the proper oversight and funding this could prove to be a viable solution to the illegal immigration problem that the U. S. aces today. There are also those who believe that the Amnesty Law is a major cause of illegal immigration, many immigrants believe that once they get here to the U. S. they will qualify for amnesty in a matter of time. â€Å"Many in California believe the federal government has dropped the immigration ball over the last 40 years. â€Å"In Washington D. C. they have a few nicknames; reform is code word for amnesty† (Dvorak, 2009, p. 2) It is without a doubt that the US was founded on immigration and its many contributions over the years. The dilemma that we face today brings into question if the laws and policies of the past are serving their intended purposes, if they are still beneficial to the country, and if there are new laws that need to be created to address some of the issues that have been created because illegal immigration. Even though actual numbers of illegal immigrants were not discussed because of inaccurate data; the issues concerning how did we get to this point; what are the impacts of illegal immigration on the countries social and economic systems, and probably the ost the most import issue is what are we going to do about it. The solution to this dilemma should include, not just the enforcement, of the policies and laws established but, it should also make sure they are properly funded as well. The solution should contain initiatives that address those topics that negative effect the country as well as initiative that reward positive effects of illegal immigration; keeping in mind the countries national security and national interests in mind. References http://www.redstate.com/renny/2010/08/17/az-sen-russell-pearce-on-his-states-immigration-law-and-the-rest-of-us/ http://www.theamericanresistance.com/articles/art2005mar13.html http://www.rense.com/general81/illega.htm How to cite The United States Illegal Immigration Dilemma, Essay examples

Research Paper Public Enemy Essay Example For Students

Research Paper Public Enemy Essay In the late 1980s and early 1990s no group or artist influenced hip hop more than public enemy did. Their flair for pop theater and racial drama broadened the aesthetic possibilities of rap music. As chief architect of the sound and fury that defined a turning point in hip hop, Chuck D enlarged the language of pop by creating a space for music that was stimulating, boldly, original, and unflinchingly political. In this paper, I am going to include explanations of what is Public Enemys music about, what messages did they conveying through their music and what influenced them to decide the theme of their music to be political, social and cultural consciousness and a description of their public persona and the ways of making music. Public Enemy started out as a benchmark in rap music in the mid-1980s. They were characterized as militant black nationalists by the media. That comes directly from how and when we grew up. We came up in the 1960s. Political and cultural groups like the Black Panthers, and the Nation of Islam were reference points. Our parents brought the work of these groups to our attention, and it was educational and inspiring. My parents were radicals politically, but more than anything they were young parents who actually understood that there was a need and a time for change. They had a respect for the civil rights movement but also understood the need to further it. As black people we were out to further our equality. I dont pay attention to the controversial connotations put on by media and the undermining labels they place on us. We pay attention to what our community situation is and what we need, says Chuck D. Chuck Ds political intent is reflected by the inclusion of controversial Muslim minister Louis Farrakhan, Malcolm X and the Black Panthers in a personal honor roll that also includes the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Jesse Jackson. (Chang, pg263) Were out for one thing only, explains Chuck D, and thats to bring back the resurgence of black power. But were not racist. Were nationalists, people who have pride and who want to build a sense of unity amongst our people. After deciding to major in graphic design at Adelphi University, a Long Island liberal arts school, chuck d entered Adelphi University in the fall of 1979 and formed the idea for Public Enemy. Soon after enrolling in college, Chuck D found himself gravitating toward a musical culture that was molding its identity and cultivating a distinct voice. Unfocused as a student he demonstrated great precision while working with his friend and future collaborator Hank Shocklee to hone their music making talents, build important professional networks, and establish their place in hip hop. The infusion of black nationalist politics in Public Enemys music and style was in tune with the times, the eighties; the Berlin Wall was up, Nelson Mandela was in prison, Margaret Thatcher was running the United Kingdom, Reagan was out of control in the White House and Bush Senior was Vice President soon to be President all these that ushered in a period of intense racial and political discord. Many Black people found themselves in the eye of controversial storms about affirmative action, diversity, and the degree to which race mattered In 1982 Chuck D moved a step closer to launching Public Enemy when he got his own radio show on Adelphi s WBAU. A DJ crew he had joined a few years earlier inspired the shows name, The Super Spectrum Mix Hour. In response to the shows popularity, the station manager expanded it to an hour and a half. In those days, WBAUs audience consisted of black listeners from queens and long island, in addition to young whites who enjoyed the garage music and indie rock that was featured on the station. When the show first began, there was not enough recorded rap music to feature on the regularly scheduled program. .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f , .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .postImageUrl , .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f , .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f:hover , .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f:visited , .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f:active { border:0!important; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f:active , .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00da302ddd5255f2835dcdaea08eef3f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive Speech Outline - Music Downloading EssayIn order to fill the time slot, Chuck d and the small crew he worked with began making original tapes of local talent to air during their broadcast. (Watkins, pg115) Chuck D started experimenting with his own vocals, honing the MC skills that would have left an indelible mark on hip hop. Though he was drawn to hip hop, Chuck D was not eager to sign a recording deal. His activities as radio personality, party promoter, mix tap producer, and MC had introduced him to a number of individuals who had been exploited by rap musics first wave of recording labels. From the very beginning of his rap career, Chuck D was different from most MCs. When he made his first commercial recording in 1987, he was 26, ancient in hip hop years. But he believed his age gave him added perspective, a more mature worldview about the realities of race, which shaped his approach to and purpose for rhyming. Rappers, he wrote in 1997, only rap about what they know, noting, I didnt want to rap about Im this or Im that all the time. Instead of boasting about himself or battling other rappers, he wanted to rap about battling institutions, and bringing the conditions of Black people worldwide to a respectable level. (Watkins, pg116) Chuck D and Public Enemy seized pop culture as a stage to act out a daring and symbolic revolution. Their politically charged symbolism was its main source of currency in the world of pop culture. Once Chuck D and Hank Shocklee agreed on a name for the group every aspect of public enemys image was carefully choreographed for maximum effect . Chuck Ds public persona was bold, serious-minded, and keenly intellectual. It was a calculated play on the legacies and images of strong black leaders. His pensive stare and fearless voice personified Malcolms by any means necessary expression of unassailable black masculinity and power. His forceful and disjointed message about economic freedom evoked Marcus Garvey and Louis Farrakhan, and his valiant plea for black freedom mimicked the spiritual legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. Contrasting with the steely image of Chuck D was jester-like character of Flavor Flav. Flav was Public Enemys hype man. With his comic sunglasses and an oversized clock attached to a chain around his neck, he became the groups visual focal point and a comic relief to Chuck Ds tenacious hard-rhyming style. If Chuck D was shrewd and serious, Flav was ludicrous and lightweight. Chuck D was visually backed by P. E. s choreographed dance team, The Security of the First World or S1W. This collection of black males dressed in militant-black code with Gestapo boots who moved in rhythm to routines resembling martial arts, military drills and Step Show dances lifted from college fraternities were doubled as the rap groups security team. source 3 ) Chuck D used his graphic design skills to create the famous public enemy logo of a defiant silhouetted figure caught in the scope of a firearm. The logo was like the group, rich with symbolism. It suggested that strong-minded blacks were Public Enemy number one and thus, one of societys most visible targets. Public enemys production team, named the Bomb Squad, adopted a genuinely fresh and radical approach to making popular music. They created dense soundscapes that relied on avant-garde cut-and-paste techniques, relentless beats, deep funk and incorporating sounds from everyday life -conversational dialogue, police sirens, TV news, street noise, ambulances and political speeches, These manners were essential to public enemys efforts to capture the tone and texture of young Americas urban milieus. (source 1) Critic Steven Thomas Earlewine declared that Public Enemy brought in elements of free jazz, hard funk, even musique concrte, through their production team, the Bomb Squad, creating a dense, ferocious sound unlike anything that came before. source 2 ) Hank Shocklee was one of the principal figures in the bomb squads sonic experiments. He characterized his approach to making music this way: .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d , .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .postImageUrl , .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d , .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d:hover , .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d:visited , .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d:active { border:0!important; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d:active , .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufae0283d5470fb4382033ef4186e5d0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Historical Periods in Music EssayThe sound has a look to me, and public enemy was all about having a sound that had its own distinct vision. According to Schocklee, We didnt want to use anything we considered traditional RB stuff like bass lines formulated with funk were a little too melodic and groove-oriented and chord structures and things of that nature. Their style was anything but traditional and exuded a mood that was frenzied, furious, and funky. The sound needed for this group was something that suggested urgency, while Chucks baritone voice was almost reminiscent of a gospel pastor. If I had put melodic chords behind him, Chuck would have sounded like an RB croo ner, and I didnt want that. What I needed was something that would juxtapose with his voice so that he was the music, enabling me to just score things around him so that the overall effect was of fire and brimstone, as if the world was coming to an end. The beautiful thing about having Flav was that he might be considered a tenor. He was high? pitched, Chuck handled the low notes, and that marriage worked because of the sonics. Whats more, they both had distinct voices. The Bomb Squad created their music by using thousands of sound fragments to build what Chuck D called a sonic wall. If you separated the sounds, they wouldnt have been anything they were unrecognizable, Chuck D says. They called their music organized noise. Bibliography: Source 1 https://play.google.com/store/music/artist/Public_Enemy?id=Az3r53f4tfze76bygghaxtsm4wyhl=en Source 2 http://www.last.fm/music/Public+Enemy/+wiki Source 3 http://hiphop.sh/pe Source 4 https://rockhall.com/inductees/public-enemy/bio/ Chang, Jeff. Cant Stop Wont Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation. New York, NY: St. Martins Press, 2005. Watkins, Craig S. Hip Hop Matters. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2005.